Лектор докладно проаналізувала разом з учасниками латинізми, запозичення, архаїзми та їхні сучасні відповідники, а саме:

1. Terms of Art in Legal English Поняття terms of art: спеціалізована правнича термінологія, її значення та відмінність від загальновживаної лексики.

2. Foreign Elements in Legal English Латинські та французькі запозичення в юридичній англійській мові: походження, функції та сфери вживання.

3. Doublets and Triplets in Legal Drafting Подвійні та потрійні словосполучення в праві: історичні причини виникнення та сучасна доцільність використання.

4. Archaic Constructions in Legal Texts Here-, there- та where- слова як приклад архаїчних конструкцій у юридичній англійській мові: аналіз та альтернативи.

5. Practical Application Практичні завдання з аналізу та редагування юридичних текстів із фокусом на термінологію, латинізми та архаїзми.

У рамках характеристики розшифрування юридичної англійської мови акцентовано на наступному:

1. Terms of Art in Legal English

Terms of art are defined as certain technical, legal words that are seen as being impossible to replace. They carry a specific, decided legal meaning that is not generally familiar to a layperson.

Legalese refers to non-legal but problematic English words that lawyers use instead of choosing something more easily understandable.

Examples of terms of art include indemnification, waiver, restraint of trade, and restrictive covenant.

Words in ordinary use can carry special legal meanings; for example, determined means decided in a court context, and consideration means payment or a promise to give or do something under a contract.

2. Foreign Elements in Legal English

Latin and French terms are frequently used in legal writing, though recent justice system reforms encourage using standard English instead.

French terms in regular use include force majeure, vis-à-vis (meaning in relation to or with regard to), voir dire (jury selection process meaning to speak the truth), liaison (communication/interaction), and in lieu of (meaning instead of or in place of).

Latin terms in criminal law include Actus reus (the physical act causing harm) and Mens Rea (guilty mind or intent).

Latin terms in immigration law include Jus soli (right of the soil / citizenship by place of birth), Jus sanguinis (right of blood / citizenship by descent), Ex parte (proceedings for one party's benefit without notice to the other), and Habeas corpus (protection against unlawful detention).

Common Latin terms include ad hoc (for this specific purpose), bona fide (in good faith), prima facie (at first sight / sufficient evidence), ultra vires (beyond legitimate powers), sub judice (under judicial consideration), in camera (hearing in private), and pro rata (in proportion).

Modern translation and drafting practices for Latin terms involve transcription (e.g., affidavit, veto), calque translation (e.g., ad hoc committee as special committee), or keeping original terms where translation might create legal inaccuracies.

3. Doublets and Triplets in Legal Drafting

Doublets and triplets are historical linguistic combinations where two or three words are strung together to express what is usually a single legal concept.

Doublet examples include null and void, terms and conditions, perform and discharge, fit and proper, and goods and chattels.

Triplet examples include cancel, annul and set aside; dispute, controversy or claim; build, erect and construct; and give, devise and bequeath.

Historically, these word strings were used for emphasis or completeness, but modern practice advises replacing them with single-word equivalents (e.g., replacing give, devise and bequeath with give, or null and void with void).

Caution is required when editing or translating them because some paired terms hold distinct legal meanings in common law systems; for example, terms, covenants, and conditions refer to different types of contractual obligations. Similarly, devise applies specifically to real property, whereas bequeath applies to personal property.

4. Archaic Constructions in Legal Texts

Archaic words (also termed arcane vocabulary) are old-fashioned words understood by few people that persist in legal texts mainly due to tradition rather than necessity.

Words starting with Here- refer to this document: hereby means as a result of this document; herein means in this contract; hereinabove means earlier in this document; hereto means to this contract; heretofore means before this time.

Words starting with There- require the reader to look back in the text to identify the referenced subject: thereon means on that document or item just mentioned.

Words starting with Where- establish relational context: whereat means at which; whereby means by which; wherefore means as a result of which; wherein means in which; whereof means of which.

Modern drafting standards recommend replacing these words with Plain English alternatives or defined terms (e.g., replacing the parties hereto with the parties to this contract, or replacing hereinabove with earlier in this document).

5. Practical Application

Redrafting complex legal sentences into Plain English involves replacing archaic legal jargon with direct phrasing.

Example 1: Original: "This Agreement and the benefits and advantages herein contained are personal to each Member and shall not be sold, assigned or transferred by the Member." Plain English alternative: "Membership is not transferable."

Example 2: Original: "The Tenant shall procure that the Premises are protected by a policy of insurance for the full term and shall not suffer to exist any circumstance which would invalidate the same." Plain English alternative: "The Tenant shall ensure that the Premises remain insured throughout the Term and shall not allow any circumstance to arise that could invalidate the insurance policy."

Vocabulary replacements for editing texts: furnish replaced by provide or supply; forthwith replaced by immediately; save as replaced by except; said replaced by just mentioned; procure replaced by ensure or obtain; suffer replaced by allow or permit; notwithstanding replaced by despite; inasmuch as replaced by because or to the extent that.